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Monday, May 19, 2008

CAT Exam Analytical Reasoning Sample Questions

Analytical Reasoning Sample Questions

  1. It can be proved by an example that our words are devoid of meaning as they cannot be distinguished from their opposites. People think that they are aware of the difference between the meanings of 'bald' and 'having hair' Let us suppose that an average twenty-one year old has X strands of hair on his or her head. We say that such a person is not bald but has hair. But surely one hair less would make no difference, and a person with X - 1 hairs on his or her head would be said to have hair. Suppose we go on like this, decreasing one hair at a time, the result would be the same. Then what difference would there be between someone who has one hair and someone who has none? We call them both bald. Thus, we cannot make a distinction between the terms 'bald' and 'having hair.'

    Among the following statements, which statement best counters the argument above?

    1. The word 'bald' can be translated into other languages.
    2. A word can have more than one meaning.
    3. A word such as 'monkey' can be applied to several animals that differ in some respects.
    4. Words can lack precision without being meaningless.
    5. People cannot think clearly without using words.

    Ans : D

  2. Virus M helps in controlling the population of gnats; they manage to do this by killing the moth's larvae. Though the virus is always present in the larvae, it is only every six or seven years that the virus seriously decimates the numbers of larvae, greatly reducing the population of the gnats. Scientists are of the opinion that the gnats, usually latent, are activated only when the larvae experience biological stress.

    In case the above mentioned scientists are correct, it can be inferred that the decimation of gnat populations by the virus M could be most probably activated by the following conditions?

    1. A shift by the gnats from drought areas to a normal area occupied by them
    2. The resultant stress from defoliation of trees attacked by the gnats for the second consecutive year.
    3. Attacks on the larvae by all kinds by parasitic wasps and flies.
    4. Starvation of the gnat larvae due to over population.
    5. Spraying of gnat infested areas with laboratory - raised Virus M.

    Ans : D

  3. In a particular code, the digits from 0 to 9 inclusive are each represented by a different letter of the alphabet, the letter always representing the same digit. In case the following sum

    B O P B 
    + S K B 
    -------- 
    C V B Q

    holds true when it is expressed in digits, which of the following cannot be properly inferred:

    1. B cannot be 0.
    2. B must be less than 5.
    3. Q must be even.
    4. O + S must be greater than 8.
    5. C must be greater than B by 1.

    Ans : BQuestions 51 - 56

    There are three on-off switches on a control panel A, B, and C. They have to be changed from an initial setting to a second setting according to the following conditions : In case only switch A is the switch on in the initial setting , then turn on switch B.

    In case switches A and B are the only switches on in the initial setting, then turn on switch C. In case all the three switches are on initially setting, then turn off the switch C. For any other initial setting, turn on all switches that are off and turn off all switches, if any, that are on.

    1. In case in the initial setting is the switches A and B are on and the switch C is off, then what could be the second setting?
      1. A on, B on, C on.
      2. A on, B off, C on.
      3. A on, B off, C off.
      4. A off, B on, C off.
      5. A off, B off, C on.

      Ans : A

    2. In case switch B is the only switch on in the initial setting, what must be the second setting?
      1. A on, B on, C on.
      2. A on, B on, C off.
      3. A on, B off, C on.
      4. A off, B off, C on.
      5. A off, B off, C off.

      Ans : C

    3. In case all the three switches are on in the second setting, which among the following could have been the initial setting ?
      1. A on, B on, C on.
      2. A on, B on, C off.
      3. A on, B off, C on.
      4. A on, B off, C off.
      5. A off, B on, C off

      Ans : B

    4. In case switch A is off in the second setting, which among the following could have been the initial setting ?
      1. A on, B on, C on.
      2. A on, B on, C off.
      3. A on, B off, C on.
      4. A on, B off, C off.
      5. A off, B on, C off.

      Ans : C

    5. In case only switch B is on in the second setting, which among the following could have been the initial setting ?
      1. A on, B on, C on.
      2. A on, B off, C on.
      3. A off, B on, C off.
      4. A off, B off, C on.
      5. A off, B off, C off.

      Ans : B

    6. Which among the following initial settings leads to a second setting, where only one switch is off ?
      1. A on, B on, C off.
      2. A on, B off, C on.
      3. A off, B on, C on.
      4. A off, B on, C off.
      5. A off, B off, C off.Questions 57 - 59

        A bus has exactly six stops on its route. The bus first stops at stop one and then at stops two, three, four, five, and six respectively. After the bus leaves stop six, the bus turns and returns to stop one and repeats the cycle. The stops are at six building that are, in alphabetical order L, M, N, O, P, and Q.

        P is the third stop. 
        M is the sixth stop. 
        The stop O is the stop immediately before Q. 
        N is the stop immediately before L.

        1. In case N is the fourth stop, which among the following must be the stop immediately before P ?
          1. O
          2. Q
          3. N
          4. L
          5. M

          Ans : B

        2. In case L is the second stop, which among the following must be the stop immediately before M ?
          1. N
          2. L
          3. P
          4. O
          5. Q

          Ans : E

        3. In case a passenger gets on the bus at O, rides past one of the stops, and gets off at P, which of the following must be true ?
          1. O is stop one.
          2. Q is stop three.
          3. P is stop four.
          4. N is stop five.
          5. L is stop six.

          Ans : A

        4. A survey recently conducted revealed that marriage is fattening. The survey found that on an average, women gained 23 pounds and men gained 18 pounds during 13 years of marriage. The answer to which among the following questions would be the most appropriate in evaluating the reasoning presented in the survey ?
          1. Why is the time period of the survey 13 years, rather than 12 or 14 ?
          2. Did any of the men surveyed gain less than 18 pounds during the period they were married ?
          3. How much weight is gained or lost in 13 years by a single people of comparable age to those studied in the survey ?
          4. When the survey was conducted were the women as active as the men?
          5. Will the gains seen in the study be retained over the lifetimes of the surveyed persons?

          Ans : C

        5. Classical works occupy a unique and peculiar position. They are imperishable as cultural landmarks, but the views expressed in some of the works are often superseded by newer views. But the classics survive just like ancient castles, as imposing features of the landscape, yet unsuited for habitation unless remodeled.

          The principal point put forth in the above passage is that classical works.

          1. Demand our respect and admiration even if their ideas are no longer current.
          2. Prove to be obstacles in the path of new ideas as they are unduly respected.
          3. Should be preserved and treasured as scholarly opinion keeps changing and they will come into fashion again.
          4. Lose their distinctive features as time passes.
          5. Are not given due consideration by the younger generation.

          Ans : A

        6. Experts in the field of forestry are now questioning the policy of attempting to extinguish all forest fires instead of allowing them to run their course and die out on their own. The study of forest fires indicates that in the long run, forest fires may in fact, be beneficial to the ecology as a whole.

          Among the following, which statement would logically follow from one of the ’observations’ referred to in the passage above ?

          1. Most of the forest fires are causes due to natural reasons like lightning rather than as a result of human carelessness.
          2. Every year the number of people dying as they attempt to fight forest fires is greater than the number of people who would have died or suffered injury if the fires were allowed to run their own course.
          3. Accumulation of highly flammable dead brushwood and timber, which could lead to massive uncontrollable fires is prevented by frequent small forest fires.
          4. The animal and plant life destroyed by forest fires seldom represents endangered species.
          5. Studies indicate that forest fires regularly occurred in the times prior to human occupation of forest areas.

          Ans : C

        7. There is a theory that the dinosaurs inhabiting the earth were destroyed when a huge heavenly body hit the earth. The impact of the heavenly body when it struck the earth threw a mass of pulverized debris into the atmosphere. This dust created a fog, which blocked the sunlight depleting plant life. This resulted in the perishing of the plant-eating dinosaurs; the meat-eating dinosaurs, who preyed on the plant-eaters inturn starved to death.

          Which among the following statements, would best support the above mentioned theory, if true?

          1. Enough dust has been sent into the atmosphere by modern volcanic explosions to change the color of sunsets around the world for several years.
          2. Craters formed by heavenly bodies are plentiful in several areas of the South west where many dinosaur fossils have also been found.
          3. Studies conducted recently on the bone structure of dinosaurs show that they were very agile and not ponderous awkward animals as popularly believed.
          4. The sedimentary rock strata of the earth formed from atmospheric dust at the time the dinosaurs disappeared contains minerals and other trace elements in proportions characteristic of the heavenly bodies.
          5. Many meat-and plant-eating species of mammals who coexisted with the dinosaurs continue to exist today, although with a slightly modified appearance.

          Ans : DQuestions 64 - 70

          Five educational films A, B, C, D, & E are to be shown to a group of students. The films are to be shown in a particular order, which conforms to the following conditions:

          A must be shown earlier than C. 
          B must be shown earlier than D. 
          E should be the fifth film shown.

          1. Which among the following is an acceptable order for showing the educational films ?
            1. A, C, B, D, E
            2. A, C, D, E, B
            3. B, D, C, A, E
            4. B, D, E, A, C
            5. E, B, C, A, D

            Ans : D

          2. In case C is shown earlier than E, which among the following will hold true ?
            1. A is the first film shown.
            2. B is the second film shown.
            3. C is the third film shown.
            4. D is the fifth film shown.
            5. E is the fourth film shown.

            Ans : D

          3. In case D is to be shown earlier than A, then for which among the following is there exactly one position from first through fifth in which it can be scheduled to be shown ?
            1. A
            2. B
            3. C
            4. D
            5. E

            Ans : C

          4. Which among the following is a pair of films that CANNOT both be shown earlier than E ?
            1. A and B
            2. A and D
            3. B and C
            4. B and D
            5. C and D

            Ans : E

          5. In case D and E are shown as far apart from each other as possible, which among the following would be true ?
            1. A is shown earlier than B.
            2. B is shown earlier than C.
            3. C is shown earlier than E.
            4. D is shown earlier than A.
            5. E is shown earlier than B.

            Ans : E

          6. In case B, D and E are to be shown one after the other in the given order, the two positions from first to fifth in which A could possibly be shown are
            1. first and second.
            2. first and fourth.
            3. second and third.
            4. third and fifth.
            5. fourth and fifth.

            Ans : B

          7. In case exactly one film is shown between A and C, and exactly one film is shown between B and D, which among the following will hold true ?
            1. B is the film shown between A and C.
            2. C is the film shown between B and D.
            3. E is the film shown between A and C.
            4. D is the last film shown.
            5. E is the first film shown.

            Ans : E

          1. Authorities concerned with mass transport in metropolitan cities are struggling with deficits. Commuters complain about delays and breakdowns, cuts in service, and fares higher than they are accustomed to paying. For all these reasons and because the price of fuel is still not prohibitive, the number of commuters using public transportation has fallen, adding to the deficits.

            Which among the following statements about the relationship between the number of commuters using public transportation and the price of fuel is best supported by the above passage?

            1. With the rise in the price of fuel, there is a rise in the number of commuters using public transportation.
            2. Even if the price of fuel rises, the number of commuters using public transportation will continue to decline.
            3. The number of commuters using public transportation will rise, if the price of fuel rises to a prohibitive level.
            4. Most of the commuters using public transportation do not use fuel, therefore fluctuations in the price of fuel is unlikely to affect the number of commuters using public transportation.
            5. The price of fuel is always low enough to make private transportation cheaper than public transportation; therefore fluctuations in the price of fuel is unlikely to affect the number of commuters using public transportation.

            Ans : C

          2. Pharmaceutical firms are now engaged in the production of analogues of endorphins, peptides, which are thought to transmit messages among brain cells, which bring about pain relief. The pharmaceutical firms claim that the analogues, when injected into the bloodstream, will lead to effective and long-lasting pain relief by increasing the action of peptides already present in the brain.

            The claims put forth by the pharmaceutical firms would be considerably weakened if it were true that

            1. Compared to the other types of neurotransmitters present in the brain, endorphins remain active for a longer time period.
            2. Certain peptides have been traced in parts besides the brain, like the alimentary canal and the skin.
            3. It is easier and cheaper to produce analogues of peptides in the laboratory than the peptides themselves.
            4. Analogues of peptides, which are found naturally in the body are often filtered from the blood before the blood circulates in the brain.
            5. Endorphins interact chemically both with other naturally occurring peptides and with the brain's other neurotransmitters.

            Ans : D

          3. Quite often it happens that a particular crisis or opportunity induces people to find a practical use for things, which originally had no serious purpose. To exemplify this principle, consider dolls and mannequins, programmed to move and built for the delight of the wealthy in the eighteenth century; these were the forerunners of the modern computer. Similarly, it is almost certain that pets were the first domesticated animals. Domestication of animals seems to have arisen as an amusement long before it had any practical application.

            Which among the following, provides another example supporting the above mentioned principle, if true?

            1. America was discovered as a by-product of the search for ginger, cloves, pepper, and cinnamon.
            2. Children often imitate adults in their games.
            3. Till the commercial and scientific potential of the spyglass was recognized and its power of magnification was improved it remained a mere source of diversion.
            4. Some culture horses were used only for pleasure and not for work, even though in those cultures people had to labor hard in the absence of laboring animals.
            5. People who made moving dolls and mannequins in the eighteenth century were also clockmakers.

            Ans : C

          4. Ever since the communications-entertainment firms have taken over publishing concerns, the management's new methods have increased the financial profits of commercial publishing. This is done at the price of narrowing the range of available books to the public and by catering to the vulgar tastes of the new buyers of books. There business has boomed ; but in the process the losers are the majority of authors or aspiring writers, and all discriminating readers.

            In case the above statement is true, which among the following will hold true?

            1. Profitable business ventures are relatively new in the publishing world.
            2. The readership which commercial publishing caters to today is different from the readership served in the past.
            3. The profits resulting from the methods introduced by communications-entertainment management will encourage literary writers to work against all the odds.
            4. The limited range of books available to the public is directed toward a more discriminating audience.
            5. The public is not aware of the trend in the publishing industry, which tends to specialize in publishing blockbuster books.

            Ans : B

          5. It is popularly believed that teachers are more or less indifferent about the microcomputer technology. This assumption is false, or at least dated. A survey recently conducted indicated that 80 percent of the 7,000 surveyed teachers revealed a high level of interest in microcomputers.

            Among the following statements which would most damage the above argument if proved to be true?

            1. There was no attempt made in the survey to ascertain whether the surveyed teachers had any previous exposure to microcomputers.
            2. Teachers interested in microcomputer technology were more likely to complete and return the questionnaires than others.
            3. Irrespective of their subject area, their expertise and their teaching experience questionnaires were received by the teachers.
            4. After the survey results were tabulated there have been many developments in the applications of microcomputer technology.
            5. A company manufacturing and selling microcomputers conducted the survey.

            Ans : B

      Ans : DQuestions 76 - 79

      Six scientists A, B, C, D, E, and F are to present a paper each at a one-day conference. Three of them will present their papers in the morning session before the lunch break whereas the other three will be presented in the afternoon session. The lectures have to be scheduled in such a way that they comply with the following restrictions:

      B's should present his paper immediately before C's presentation; their presentations cannot be separated by the lunch break. 
      D must be either the first or the last scientist to present his paper.

      1. In case C is to be the fifth scientist to present his paper, then B must be
        1. first
        2. second
        3. third
        4. fourth
        5. sixth

        Ans : D

      2. B could be placed for any of the following places in the order of presenters EXCEPT
        1. first
        2. second
        3. third
        4. fourth
        5. fifth

        Ans : C

      3. In case F is to present his paper immediately after D presents his paper, C could be scheduled for which of the following places in the order of presenters?
        1. First
        2. Second
        3. Third
        4. Fourth
        5. Fifth

        Ans : E

      4. In case F and E are the fifth and sixth presenters respectively then which of the following must be true?
        1. A is first in the order of presenters.
        2. A is third in the order of presenters.
        3. A is fourth in the order of presenters.
        4. B is first in the order of presenters.
        5. C is fourth in the order of presenters.

        Ans : CQuestions 80 - 82

        In a small inn, one or more of the chefs have to perform duty during dinnereveryday. The chefs are Nicholas, Antonio, and Jeremy.

        None of them can be assigned to dinner duty two or more days in a row.

        1. In case Antonio and Jeremy share the dinner duty thrice over a five-day period, which among the following would be true?
          1. Nicholas is on dinner duty alone on the first of the five days.
          2. Nicholas is on dinner duty alone on the second of the five days.
          3. Nicholas is on dinner duty alone on the third of the five days.
          4. Antonio and Jeremy share dinner duty on the second of the five days.
          5. Antonio and Jeremy share dinner duty on the fourth of the five days.

          Ans : C

        2. In case Nicholas and Antonio share dinner duty on Monday of some week, and if Antonio and Jeremy share dinner duty on Thursday of the same week, which of the following would be true for that week?
          1. Antonio is on dinner duty alone on Tuesday.
          2. Jeremy is on dinner duty alone on Wednesday.
          3. Nicholas and Jeremy share dinner duty on Wednesday.
          4. Nicholas is on duty alone on Tuesday, and Antonio is on breakfast duty alone on Wednesday.
          5. Jeremy is on breakfast duty alone on Tuesday, and Nicholas is on breakfast duty alone on Wednesday.

          Ans : E

        3. Which among the following could be true of some four-day period?
          1. On three of the four days, pairs of chefs were on dinner duty.
          2. On one of the four days, all three chefs were on dinner duty.
          3. Antonio drew twice as many dinner assignments as did Jeremy.
          4. Nicholas drew three times as many dinner assignments as did Antonio.
          5. Both Nicholas and Antonio drew three times as many dinner assignments as did Jeremy.

          Ans : C

        4. Which among the following statements is the most probable taking into consideration the source and the degree of seriousness with which they are uttered?
          1. Examiner: "The exam will be taken under the honor system: the professors have the honor, and the students have the system."
          2. Banker: "The low percentage of Jews in this bank has nothing to do with discrimination. Jews don't seem to be interested in banking."
          3. Book cover: "This book is sure to become the last word in its field."
          4. Politician: "My opponent has an impeccable political and personal record."
          5. Artist: "Einstein's theory of relativity falsifies life."

          Ans : D

        5. Tom: It is likely that Greece will be humiliated in the Cyprus affair. In case she fights Turkey, she will be defeated in battle; whereas if she doesn't fight, letting Turkey win, she will be humiliated, as she would then seem impotent.

          Sarah: In that case Greece could always call the Soviet Union to her aid.

          Sarah attacks Tom's argument by:

          1. attacking Tom on a personal level.
          2. attacking Tom's method of reasoning
          3. siding with Greece
          4. advocating passive resistance
          5. citing an alternative which was overlooked by Tom.

          Ans : E

        6. In case Sue sits between Pete and Harry, then Harry sits between Sue and Mike. Harry won't be there unless Sue sits next to Mike. Hence, Sue will not sit between Pete and Harry.

          Apart from the above mentioned statements, what additional premises are assumed by the author of this argument?

          Mike sits next to Sue if no one sits between them. 
          If Sue sits between Pete and Harry, then Sue sits between Harry and Pete.

          If Harry isn't there, then he doesn't sit next to Mike.

          1. I and II only
          2. I and III only
          3. II and III only
          4. I, II and III
          5. None of the above

          Ans : BQuestions 86 - 89

          An increasing number of people prefer to retain their own individuality and their own identity and consequently this has lead to a decline in the marriage rate.

          1. Which among the following assumptions are used in the above premises?
            1. When a person is married, he or she loses his or her own identity and is no longer accountable to himself or herself.
            2. Married persons do not find contentment as opposed to unmarried people.
            3. There has been a steady increase in the divorce rate.
            1. I only
            2. II only
            3. III only
            4. I and II only
            5. I, II, and III

            Ans : A

          2. Among the following statements, which would weaken the above argument?
            1. The stability resulting from marriage offsets the negative aspects of the dual responsibility of husband and wife.
            2. Most people are not mature enough to be married.
            3. Among most married couples the wife wants to have children.
            4. There are a differing set of values honored by men and women.
            5. It is advantageous to be single form a tax point of view.

            Ans : A

          3. Which among the following would strengthen the above argument?
            1. Very few people prefer to bring up a family.
            2. Emotionally divorce is not an easy procedure.
            3. 700 couples from 1000 surveyed couples complained that they were losing their identity.
            4. Married people have to make a considerable effort to make the marriage last.
            5. The financial complications arising from a divorce are becoming decreasingly complicated.

            Ans : C

          4. Emma: Financially the private university is ruined. In case it raises its tuition fees, the number of paying students will come down and if they refrain from raising the fees the university will go bankrupt.

            Richard: The pay of the teachers and professors could be cut. 
            Richard responds to Emma’s argument by

            1. drawing attention to an earlier overlooked alternative.
            2. attacking her method of reasoning.
            3. resigning himself to the demise of the private university.
            4. attacking Emma on a personal level.
            5. taking the side of the university as against that of the students.

            Ans : A

          Questions 90 - 92

          Mrs. Green wishes to renovate her cottage. She hires the services of a plumber, a carpenter, a painter, an electrician, and an interior decorator. The renovation is to completed in a period of one working week i.e. Monday to Friday. Every worker will be taking one complete day to do his job. Mrs. Green will allow just one person to work per day.

          1. The painter can do his work only after the plumber and the carpenter have completed their jobs.
          2. The interior decorator has to complete his job before that of the electrician.
          3. The carpenter cannot work on Monday or Tuesday.

          1. In case the painter works on Thursday, which among the following alternatives is possible?

            1. The electrician works on Tuesday.
            2. The electrician works on Friday.
            3. The interior decorator does his work after the painter.
            4. The plumber and the painter work on consecutive days.
            5. Mrs. Green cannot fit all of the workers into schedule.

            Ans : B

          2. In case the painter works on Friday, which among the following statements must be untrue?
            1. The carpenter may work on Wednesday.
            2. The carpenter and the electrician may work on consecutive days.
            3. In case the carpenter works on Thursday, the electrician has to work on the previous day i.e. Wednesday.
            4. The plumber may work before the electrician does.
            5. The electrician may work on Tuesday.

            Ans : C

          3. Which arrangement among the following is possible?
            1. The electrician will work on Tuesday and the interior decorator on Friday.
            2. The painter will work on Wednesday and the plumber on Thursday.
            3. The carpenter will work on Tuesday and the painter on Friday.
            4. The painter will work on Monday and the carpenter on Thursday.
            5. The carpenter will work on Wednesday and the plumber on Thursday.

            Ans : EAnalytical Reasoning Sample Questions

            1. According to the laws pertaining to the use of recyclable containers, beverages are sold only in reusable containers. The people who object to such laws point out that the collection of reusable bottles requires gasoline, and washing them requires water; but, it takes less water to wash these containers than it does to make throwaway bottles. The expenditure saved due to the saved water exceeds the cost of the gasoline used to transport empty bottles.

              The above passage directly answers which of the below mentioned objections to recyclable beverage containers?

              1. It is likely that consumers will continue to discard even the recyclable containers.
              2. Consumers will find it an inconvenience to return bottles.
              3. The extra expense involved in recycling would raise the prices of beverages.
              4. Recycling would be detrimental to the glass and plastic industries, which produce containers.
              5. Recycling of containers only partially answers the problem of disposal of solid waste.

              Ans : C

            2. A recently conducted study reveals that the prospects for success in later schooling for 3-5 old children were improved by a particular educational plan. From this it follows that the introduction of similar education plans for all 3-5 year old children will lead to an improvement in their chances for success in later schooling.

              Which among the following would weaken the above argument if true?

              1. Parents of preschool children in the United States get attracted to fads in the educational field, without having a clear idea of the type of early educational plans which would benefit their children.
              2. The cognitive abilities of children are constantly changing between ages three and five
              3. The people who conducted the research included quite a few children who had earlier been exposed to another educational enrichment program.
              4. Many parents are of the view that formal training at an early age takes up the time, which the children could better spend exploring their worlds independently.
              5. To establish such educational programs at a national level would require extraordinary public expense.

              Ans : C

            Questions 95 - 97

            Three girls Joan, Rita, and Kim and two boys Tim and Steve are the only dancers in a dance program, which consists of six numbers in this order: One a duet; two a duet; three a solo; four a duet; five a solo; and six a duet.

            None of the dancers is in two consecutive numbers or in more than two numbers. 
            The first number in which Tim appears is the one that comes before the first number in which Kim appears. 
            The second number in which Tim appears is one that comes after the second number in which Kim appears.

            1. Which among the following is a complete and accurate list of those numbers that could be the last one in which Kim performs?
              1. Three
              2. Four
              3. Five
              4. Three, Four
              5. Four, Five

              Ans : E

            2. Rita must perform only in duets if
              1. Kim is in number two
              2. Kim is in number five
              3. Tim is in number one
              4. Tim is in number two
              5. Tim is in number six

              Ans : D

            3. In case Steve is in number five, number four must consist of
              1. two women
              2. two men
              3. Tim and a woman
              4. Rita and a man
              5. Kim and a man

              Ans : A
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